The complex history of ancient and recent population settlement in Tunisia was apprehended thanks to molecular genetics and populations tools by a researchers’ team from Genetics, Immunology and Human Pathologies Laboratory of the Faculty of sciences of Tunis. The obtained results of fifteen years show that the Tunisian population is a mosaic of sub-populations; each has its own structure. Moreover, the carried out studies have shown the great genetic diversity of Berbers, which constitutes the basis of Tunisian population. This observation is explained by an old interbreeding, which is associated with founding effects along with endogamy ancestral practice.